contents.htm

Section	Title
	Preface
	Acknowledgements
	Outline of Document
	Executive Summary
1.	CHAPTER 1: POLICY
1.1	Introduction
1.2	Aims of the Review and Assessment
1.3	The Air Quality Strategy Legislative Framework
1.4	National Air Quality Strategy
1.5	Local Air Quality Strategy
1.6	Important Government Initiatives to Improve Air Quality
1.7	References For Chapter 1
2.	CHAPTER 2: AIR QUALITY AND BEDFORD
2.1	Description of the Area
2.2	Roads in Bedford Borough
2.3	Proposed Roads
2.4	Industrial Pollutant Sources
2.5	Other Local Authority Air Quality Duties
2.6	Neighbouring Local Authorities
2.7	Wider Pollutant Sources
2.8	Air Quality Monitoring
2.9	Future Development
2.10	Reference for Chapter 2
3.	CHAPTER 3: REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT
3.1	Methodology Overview
3.2	Stage 1
3.3	Stage 2
3.4	Stage 3
3.5	References for Chapter 3
4.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE
4.1	Introduction
4.2	Health Effects
4.3	The National Picture
4.4	The Local Picture
4.5	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of Carbon Monoxide
4.6	Conclusion and Recommendations
4.7	Carbon Monoxide Chapter References
5.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF BENZENE
5.1	Introduction
5.2	The Health Effects
5.3	The National Picture
5.4	The Local Picture
5.5	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of Benzene
5.6	Conclusion and Recommendations
5.7	Benzene Chapter References
6.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF 1, 3 – BUTADIENE
6.1	Introduction
6.2	Health Effects
6.3	The National Picture
6.4	The Local Picture
6.5	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of 1,3 – Butadiene
6.6	Conclusion and Recommendations
6.7	1, 3 – Butadiene Chapter References
7.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF LEAD
7.1	Introduction
7.2	Health Effects
7.3	The National Picture
7.4	The Local Picture
7.5	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of Lead
7.6	Conclusion and Recommendations
7.7	Lead Chapter References
8.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE
8.1	Introduction
8.2	Health Effects
8.3	The National Picture
8.4	The Local Picture
8.5	Local Monitoring Data
8.6	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide
8.6.8	Stage 1 Conclusions and Recommendations
8.7	Stage 2 Review and Assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide
8.8	Stage 2 Conclusions and Recommendations
8.9	Stage 3 Review and Assessment of Nitrogen Dioxide
8.9.2.3	Stage 3 Conclusions and Recommendations
8.11	Nitrogen Dioxide Chapter References
9.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF PM10
9.1	Introduction
9.2	Health Effects
9.3	The National Picture
9.4	The Local Picture
9.5	Local Monitoring Data
9.6	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of PM10
9.6.9	Stage 1 Conclusions and Recommendations
9.7	Stage 2 Review and Assessment of PM10
9-9	Stage 2 Conclusions and Recommendations
9-10	PM10 Chapter References
10.	REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
10.1	Introduction
10.2	Health effects
10.3	The National Picture
10.4	The Local Picture
10.5	Local Monitoring Data
10.6	Stage 1 Review and Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide
10.7	Stage 1 Conclusions and Recommendations
10.8	Stage 2 Review and Assessment of Sulphur Dioxide
10.8.5	Stage 2 Conclusions and Recommendations
10.9	Sulphur Dioxide Chapter References
REFERENCES
References are denoted in the text by superscripted numbers and summarised at the end of each Chapter.
FIGURES
1.1	National Road Traffic Forecast
2.1	The location of Bedford
2.2	Traffic in St Paul’s Square Bedford
2.3	Strategic Road Network
8.1	NOx Sources in the UK 1996
10.1	SO2 Sources in the UK 1996
TABLES
1.1	The National Air Quality Standards and Objectives
8.1	Annual Mean and 99.8th percentile NO2 concentrations, 1998
8.2	NO2 National Survey Sites. Annual Mean Data 1996
8.3	Bedford Borough NO2 Survey Sites. Annual Mean Data 1996
8.4	Beds County Council Automated Annual Average Daily Traffic Data
8.5	Beds County Council Manual Annual Average Daily Traffic Data
8.6	Beds County Council Predicted 2005 Annual Average Daily Traffic. Flows assuming the 2006 Local plan Scenario
8.7	Design Manual for Roads and Bridges predicted traffic pollutant concentrations for closest receiver locations to named roads
8.8	Comparison of 1999 Annual mean NO2 Diffusion tube Concentrations and DMRB Predictions for Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations.
8.9	Design Manual for Roads and Bridges predicted traffic NO2 concentrations for closest receiver locations to named roads
8.10	Predicted 2005 AADT’s for the A1 in North Herts, Mid Beds and Bedford Borough Council Districts
8.11	Predicted AADT’s for Mid Beds and Bedford DC Modelled Locations
8.12	AADT Comparison between Hunts DC and Bedford BC ‘A1’ Modelled Locations
9.1	Design Manual for Roads and Bridges predicted traffic pollutant concentrations for closest receiver locations to named roads
10.1	SO2 Concentrations from National Power, Little Barford Air Quality Monitoring Stations
BOXES
1.1	Bedford Borough Council Local Air Quality Strategy
2.1	Canyon Streets
4.1	The Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Standard and Objective
5.1	The Benzene Air Quality Standard and Objective
6.1	The 1, 3-Butadiene Air Quality Standard and Objective
7.1	The Lead Air Quality Standard And Objective
8.1	The Nitrogen Dioxide Air Quality Standard and Objectives
9.1	The PM10 Air Quality Standard And Objectives
10.1	The Sulphur Dioxide Air Quality Standard And Objectives
APPENDICES
A	Supporting Guidance Notes to the National Air Quality Strategy
B	Emissions from Part A and B Prescribed Processes
C	Maps of Current NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations
D	NO2 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data 1997 -1999
E	Nitrogen Dioxide diffusion tubes QA/QC information
F	Summary of traffic speed data
G	Summary of DMRB input data
H	Derivation of Background NOx Concentrations from NO2 Diffusion Tubes
I	Hanson Brick Stewartby Stage 2 Dispersion Modelling
J	Properties within 400 metres of a Significant Quarry Stockpile or Landfill
K	Model Validations for Major Highways
L	Boiler survey & PM10 Solid Fuel Data
M	Summary Data re Gas Supply in Bedford Borough

AQMA - Air Quality Management Area
CI - Compression ignition
CO - Carbon Monoxide
BCC - Bedfordshire county Council
DETR - Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions
DMRB - Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
EPAQS - Expert panel on Air Quality Standards
m g/m³ - Microgrammes (one millionth of a gramme) per metre cubed
mg/m³ - Milligrammes (one thousanth of a gramme) per metre cubed
MW - Mega watt
N0_x - Oxides of Nitrogen
NAQS - National Air Quality Standards
NETCEN - National Environmental Technology Centre
NG - Natural Gas
NO₂- Nitrogen Dioxide
PG Note - Process Guidance note
PM₁₀- Particulate matter less than 1µm in diameter
ppb - parts per billion
ppm - parts per million
R & A - Review and Assessment
SO₂ - Sulphur Dioxide
Stage 1 Stage 1 of The Review and Assessment process statutorily required under Part IV of the Environment Act 1995.
Stage 2 - Stage 2; similar to Stage 1 though not required in statute
Stage 3 - Stage 3; similar to Stage 1 above
UK - United Kingdom
VOC - Volatile Organic* Compounds
WDF - Waste derived fuel
WHO - World Health Organisation

Ambient	Of the atmosphere.
Averaging Period	The ‘time weighting period’ over which a pollutant concentration is averaged.
Background Levels	The concentration of a pollutant that exists in absence of a specific source.
Carcinogen	A chemical that is implicated in initiating cancer.
Diffusion Tube	An air pollution monitoring method.
Dispersion model	A series of equations enabling the prediction of pollution movement and hence the air quality impact at any stated position. The model will either be paper based or run on a computer.
Efflux velocity	The velocity at which gas is emitted from a stack./chimney.
Epidemiology	The branch of medicine concerned with the study of disease in large populations so as to determine causative factors.
Genotoxic	A pollutant implicated in causing damage to the genetic make-up of cells.
Genotoxic carcinogen	A pollutant that is implicated in causing cancer inducing damage to the genetic make-up of cells. As, in theory, one molecule of such a substance could cause cancer it is not possible to determine an absolutely safe level for human exposure.
Intermediate (monitoring site)	20 – 30 m from a busy road.
Kerbside (monitoring site)	1- 5 m from the kerb of a busy road.
Leukaemia	Cancer of the bone marrow and blood.
Organic	Carbon compounds, which are present in all living matter and in substances derived from it.
Part A Process	Industrial process authorised under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 by the Environment Agency for its emissions to air, water and land.
Part B Process	Industrial process authorised under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 for its emissions to atmosphere.
Process Guidance Note	Government publication detailing the Best Available Technique Not Entailing Excessive Cost for Part B Prescribed Processes.
Relative bias	The percentage concentration difference of an NO₂ diffusion tube suppliers results relative to an average value across a range of suppliers.
Transboundary	The name given to pollutants that travel across administrative boundaries such as the borders of Countries etc,.
Urban background (monitoring site)	Greater than 50 m from any busy road and typically in a residential area.